ZYTRAX - Wireless Calculators

Wireless Calculators

These calculators are written in Javascript (saves our bandwidth). Find the calculation you want, and enter the various parameters required then click the 'Calculate' button. If you don't like 'em or think you can improve 'em, the code for the calculators is here and to see the code in action just click 'view source' in your browser.

A Wireless System (roughly)

Power Budget - total power of your system in dBm.
Free Space Loss - power loss over distance.
System Performance - How far will it go, will it get there or what is my Operating Margin?
Fresnel Zones - How much more than LOS or how high should my antenna be?
Power Conversion - dDm to milliWatts and milliWats to dBm

Serious Health Warning: It is nothing short of a minor miracle that ANY wireless signal gets to its destination. These calculators use standard algorithms which give reasonable results BUT it should be borne in mind you can have two locations 1 meter apart in which one gets great reception ALL the time and the other NEVER gets reception. Use this link for our quick overview of the background to radio propagation and the side-bar links for some 'real stuff'. With suitable apologies to the memory of the late, lamented Douglas Noel Adams the answer to the question of 'how far will this wireless transmission go?' is 42.

Power Budget

Use this calculator to walk through all the factors that make up your Power Budget. The 'Power Budget' is the the total power being output from the wireless system and is the sum of:

PLUS Radio Transmit Power (A above)
MINUS cables and connectors losses (B above)
PLUS antenna gain (C above).

Enter one parameter in each column (or leave blank) depending on what you know and the calculator will supply the appropriate conversions automatically. Up to 2 decimal places may be entered as 0.xx or .xx.

Note: Connector loss is generally small UNLESS you've got lots of 'em in which case you are probably in trouble anyway, or your cable is VERY short. Just leave the line blank if you are feeling lazy.

Calculations and equations used.

Radio and Antenna
Transmit Power	Antenna Gain	Power
mW OR dBm	dB(i)	dB
Cable Loss
Cable Properties (per 100 ft or m)	Cable Length
dB (100 ft) OR dB (100 m)	feet OR meters	dB
Connector Loss
Frequency in MHz	No. of Connectors
MHz.	No.	dB
Budget
		dB

Free Space Loss

Loss of power over distance (assuming no FRESNEL Effect and nothing in the way). This a very idealised calculation and in practice everything interferes with the signal but it will give you a reasonable approximation of the actual loss over distance.

Enter the system Frequency in MHz and the distance in either Kilometers (Km) or Miles below and then click the 'Calculate' button. 1 GHz = 1000 MHz e.g. 2400 = 2.4 GHz.

Calculations and equations used.

Fresnel Zones

Defines how much clearance you need (yes you need more than simple Line-of-Sight) and for longer links > 3 Km (2 miles) whether you may have a ground clearance problem from our friendly planet. For more info on M. Fresnel and his theories go here.

Enter the Total link distance (in Miles or Kilometers), if you do not enter an Obstacle distance (in Miles or Kilometers) the calculator will use the mid-point for all calculations (Note: assumes antennas at same height). Finally enter the system Frequency in MHz and then click the 'Calculate' button. 1 GHz = 1000 MHz e.g. 2400 = 2.4 GHz.

The calculator will generate the radius of the 1st Fresnel zone only (at the obstable point or the mid-point), the 60% (no obstacle) radius and the height of the earth curvature at the mid-point of the Total link distance.

Calculations and equations used.

Total Link	Obstacle Distance	1st Fresnel Zone Radius
Km OR Miles	Km OR Miles	m at Km	ft at Miles
Frequency		60% No Obstacle Radius
MHz		m	ft
		Earth Height (mid-point)
		m	ft

System Performance

This calculator will give you one of three answers:

If you leave distance blank it will apply the defined SAD factor (or default to 30%) to the Operating Margin and supply the max. distance (in Km and Miles) at which the Margin operates.
If you enter the distance it will calculate the Operating Margin and the SAD factor.
If you enter distance but leave RX or TX antenna gain (or both) blank it will apply the chosen SAD factor (or default it to 30% if none supplied) and generate the required antenna power. If both are left blank it will calculate a symmetrical antenna gain.

To RESET any parameter above just set to BLANK before clicking 'Calculate'

Notes: RX Sensitivity is ALWAYS expressed as a negative dBm (- dBm) and is the lowest power of signal your radio can handle. Its buried somewhere in your radio spec and will be typically in the range of -80 to -110 dBm. Don't guess or 'fudge' this number.

Calculations and equations used.

Frequency	Distance		Result
MHz	Km OR Miles		dB
TX Power	TX Cable	TX Antenna
dBm OR mW	dBm	dB	dB
RX Sensitivity	RX Cable	RX Antenna
dBm	dB	dB	dB
Margin	RX Power	SAD Factor	Theoretical Margin
	dBm	%	dB

milliWatts to dBm (and vice versa)

Power in milliWatts to dBm (and vice versa) . Enter the 'Transmit Power' (A or G above) in milliWatts OR the 'Power Ratio' in dBm and click the appropriate 'Calculate' button. 1 Watt = 1000 milliWatts.

Calculations and equations used.

Power Budget Calculations

mW to dBm = 10Log₁₀(millWatts) + 30
feet to meters = .3048
meters to feet = 3.28
Calculator normalises all distances to meters
Connectors loss = 0.10 * square root (frequency in GHz)

Free Space Calculations

Free space loss = 36.56 + 20Log₁₀(Frequency) + 20Log₁₀(Distance in miles)
Calculator normalises all distances to miles
Miles to Kilometers = 1.609
Kilometers to miles = 0.621

Fresnel Zone Calculations

Calculator normalises all distances to Kilometers and meters
Miles to Kilometers = 1.609
Kilometers to miles = 0.621
feet to meters = .3048
meters to feet = 3.28
1st Fresnel Zone radius (Km) = 17.3 x Sqr root ((Obstacle Distance x (Total Link - Obstacle Distance)) / (Frequency in GHz x Total Link))
1st Fresnel Zone radius (miles) = 72.1 x Sqr root ((Obstacle Distance x (Total Link - Obstacle Distance)) / (Frequency in GHz x Total Link))
Obstacle free radius = 0.6 x 1st Fresnel Zone radius
Radius of nth Fresnel zone = sqr root ( (n x wave length x Obstacle distance x (Total Link - Obstacle Distance)) / Total Link )
Earth curvature calculation = Total Link **2 /8 * earth radius
Earth radius = 3963 miles, 6378 Km

System Performance Calculations

Free space loss = 36.56 + 20Log₁₀(Frequency) + 20Log₁₀(Dist in miles)
mW to dBm = 10Log₁₀(millWatts) + 30
dBm to mW = 10^(dBm/10)
RX Power = Margin - RX sensitivity
Theoretical margin = TX power budget + RX power budget - free space loss
SAD factor = Theoretical margin/TX power budget * 100 and shows the percentage of spare power on transmission.